You are indeed correct that you can’t use chkdsk (check disk) if you have no partitions on your solid state drive.
This error however is often because of a bad installation medium if it happens during the installation. I recommend you to clean both your usb and ssd and burn a fresh windows iso to the usb. Then start from scratch again.
Second thing is that I recommend you to try step 2 with the installation and 3 once Windows 10 is installed from this website:
http://www.fixtechproblems.com/fix-error-code-0x8007045d/
If you have more questions let me know.
